اصل و ترجمه مقاله لاتین Endurance Training and Aerobic Fitness in Young People
Endurance Training and Aerobic Fitness in Young People
Abstract
Training-induced adaptations in aerobic fitness have been extensively studied in adults, and some exercise scientists have recommended similar training programmes for young people. However, the subject of the response to aerobic training of children and adolescents is controversial. The effects of exercise training on prepubertal children are particularly debatable. The latter may be partly explained by different training designs, which make comparisons between studies very problematic.
We have analysed the procedures applied to protocol design and training methods to highlight the real impact of aerobic training on the peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2) of healthy children and adolescents. In accordance with previously published reviews on trainability in youngsters, research papers were rejected from the final analysis according to criteria such as the lack of a control group, an unclear training protocol, inappropriate statistical procedures, small sample size, studies with trained or special populations, or with no peak V̇O2 data. Factors such as maturity, group constitution, consistency between training and testing procedures, drop out rates, or attendance were considered, and possible associations with changes in peak V̇O2 with training are discussed.
From 51 studies reviewed, 22 were finally retained. In most of the studies, there was a considerable lack of research regarding circumpubertal individuals in general, and particularly in girls. The results suggest that methodologically listed parameters will exert a potential influence on the magnitude of peak V̇O2 improvement. Even if little difference is reported for each parameter, it is suggested that the sum of errors will result in a significant bias in the assessment of training effects. The characteristics of each training protocol were also analysed to establish their respective potential influence on peak V̇O2 changes. In general, aerobic training leads to a mean improvement of 5–6% in the peak V̇O2 of children or adolescents. When only studies that reported significant training effect were taken into account, the mean improvement in peak V̇O2 rose to 8–10%. Results suggested that intensities higher than 80% of maximal heart rate are necessary to expect a significant improvement in peak V̇O2.
There is clearly a need for longitudinal or cross-sectional studies that investigate the relationship between maturity and training with carefully monitored programmes. Further research is also needed to compare interval training and continuous training.
تمرین استقامتی و آمادگی جسمانی هوازی در افراد جوان
چکیده
سازگاری های ناشی از تمرین در تناسب اندام هوازی به طور گسترده ای در بزرگسالان مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است، برخی از دانشمندان ورزشی برنامه های تمرینی مشابه ای را برای جوانان پیشنهاد داده اند. با این حال، موضوع واکنش به تمرین هوازی در مورد کودکان و نوجوانان بحث انگیز می باشد. تأثیر تمرین ورزشی در کوکان نابالغ به طور ویژه ای قابل بحث می باشد. آخرین مطالعات ممکن است تا حدودی طرح های تمرین متفاوتی را توضیح داده باشد که مقایساتی را بین مطالعات مشکل زا انجام می دهد.
ما رویه های بکار رفته برای طرح پروتکل و روش های تمرین برای برجسته کردن تأثیر واقعی تمرین هوازی بر جذب اکسیژن حداکثری (〖V ̇O〗_2) در نوجوانان و کودکان سالم تجزیه و تحلیل کرده ایم. بر اساس بررسی های منتشر شده قبلی بر تمرین پذیری در جوانان، مقالات پژوهشی از تحلیل نهایی بر طبق معیارهایی از جمله: فقدان گروه کنترل، پروتکل تمرین نامشخص، رویه های آماری نامناسب، اندازه نمونه کوچک، مطالعاتی با جامعه آماری خاص یا آموزش دیده، یا بدون هیچ اطلاعات 〖V ̇O〗_2 حداکثری رد شدند. عواملی مانند بلوغ، ساختار گروه، پیوستگی بین تمرین و رویه های آزمون، میزان حذف یا حضور در نظر گرفته شده بودند، و ارتباط احتمالی با تغییرات در 〖V ̇O〗_2 حداکثری با تمرین بحث شده بودند.
از 51 مطالعه ای بررسی شده، سرانجام 22 مطالعه باقی ماندند. در بیشتر مطالعات، فقدان قابل توجهی از پژوهش ها با توجه به حالت کلی افراد در وضعیت بلوغ به ویژه در دختران وجود داشت. این نتایج نشان می دهد که پارامترهای لیست شده روش شناختی یک اثر بالقوه بر میزان بهبود 〖V ̇O〗_2 حداکثری اعمال می کند. حتی اگر تفاوت کمی برای هر پارامتر گزارش شده بود، این پیشنهاد شده که مجموع خطاها تبعیض قابل توجهی در ارزیابی تأثیر تمرین خواهد داشت. ویژگی های هر پروتکل تمرین همچنین برای ایجاد تأثیر بالقوه نسبی بر روی تغییرات 〖V ̇O〗_2 حداکثری مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته بود. در حالت کلی، تمرین هوازی منجر به یک متوسط بهبود از 6 – 5 % در 〖V ̇O〗_2 حداکثری در کودکان و نوجوانان شده بود. وقتی این مطالعات که اثر تمرین قابل توجهی گزارش کرده بودند مورد توجه قرار گرفتند، متوسط بهبود 〖V ̇O〗_2 حداکثری به 10 – 8 % افزایش یافت. این نتایج پیشنهاد می دهد که شدت های بیشتر از 80 % ضربان قلب حداکثری برای انتظار یک بهبود قابل توجه در 〖V ̇O〗_2 حداکثر ی ضروری می باشند.
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